Jump to content

Cebu

Coordinates: 10°19′N 123°45′E / 10.32°N 123.75°E / 10.32; 123.75
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Cebú)
This article is about the province in the Philippines. For its independent capital city, see Cebu City. For the city in Malaysia, see Sibu.
"Sebu" redirects here. For other uses, see Sebu (disambiguation).
"Sugbu" redirects here; not to be confused with Nasugbu.
For other uses, see Cebu (disambiguation).

Cebu
Sugbo
Province
Left to right, from the top: Osmeña Peak, Magellan Monument, Kawasan Falls, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, Cebu City, Malapascua Island, Cebu Provincial Capitol
Flag of Cebu
Flag
Official seal of Cebu
Seal
Nickname: 
The Gateway to a Thousand Journeys[1]
Anthem: Sugbo (Cebu)
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 10°19′N 123°45′E / 10.32°N 123.75°E / 10.32; 123.75
CountryPhilippines
Island GroupVisayas
RegionCentral Visayas
Founded6 August 1569
Capital
and largest city		Cebu City
Government
 • TypeSangguniang Panlalawigan
 • GovernorGwendolyn F. Garcia (1Cebu)
 • Vice GovernorHilario R. Davide III (LP)
 • LegislatureCebu Provincial Board
Members
Area
[2]
 • Total (province)
4,943.72 km2 (1,908.78 sq mi)
 • Rank20th out of 81
 excludes independent cities
Highest elevation
(Osmeña Peak)
1,072 m (3,517 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total (province)
3,325,385
 • Rank5th out of 81
 • Density670/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
  • Rank7th out of 81
 • Voter (2022)[4] 
3,288,778
 • Language
Cebuano
Forohanon
Bantayanon
 Population data excludes independent cities
Divisions
 • Independent cities
3
 • Component cities
6
 • Municipalities
44
 • Barangay
1,066
+  137 including independent cities
1,203
 • Districts
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
IDD : area code +63 (0)32
ISO 3166 codePH-CEB
Income class1st class
PSGC072200000
PatronSanto Niño de Cebu
Websitewww.cebu.gov.ph

Cebu (/sɛˈbuː/ seb-OO; Cebuano: Sugbo) officially the Province of Cebu (Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Sugbo; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Cebu), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas (Region VII) region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets. The coastal zone of Cebu is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle.[5]

Its capital and largest city is Cebu City, nicknamed "the Queen (Catholic) City of the South" having the Second Cardinal, the oldest city and first capital of the Philippines, which is politically independent from the provincial government along with Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu City. The Cebu Metropolitan Area or Metro Cebu is the third largest metropolitan area in the Philippines (after Metro Manila and Metro Davao) with Cebu City as the main center of commerce, trade, education and industry in the Visayas as well as the regional center of Central Visayas. Being one of the most developed provinces in the Philippines, in a decade it has transformed into a global hub for business processing services, tourism, shipping, furniture-making, and heavy industry. Mactan–Cebu International Airport, located on Mactan Island, is the second busiest airport in the Philippines.

Cebu has the most combined cities and municipalities of any province in the Philippines, with 53 in total. With 9 cities in total, it has the second most number of cities after its neighboring province of Negros Occidental.

Etymology

A map of Cebu Island in 1521, with the historical polity of Cebu colored in blue.

It is unclear whether the island was named sugbó or the settlement where Ferdinand Magellan's crew arrived in 1521. The capital city of the province is also named Cebu City.

The name is possibly derived from a hypothetical Proto-Philippine word *sug(e)bu meaning "to bathe" or "to wade into the water".[6] The word has evolved in the Cebuano language as sugbú, meaning "to dive into water" and also exists in other Philippine languages such as Tagalog and Hiligaynon.[7][6] In fact, there is also another municipality in Batangas, Philippines called Nasugbu, which may also share the same etymological root with the said province.

The modern name is most likely how the first Europeans heard of the name of the place in the 16th-17th centuries, as it was first recorded as Zubu or Çubu, and then eventually it became Cebu. The reason of the spelling change is because Visayans were mostly illiterate in the 16th and 17th centuries.[7][8]

History

See also: History of the Philippines

Early history

Depiction of the Bisayan tattooed men, known then as timawa in the Boxer Codex (c. 1590). Cebu was one of the islands referred where "painted people" (referring to the tattoos) resided.

Cebu was a native kingdom that existed prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Visayan folklore relates it was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a half-Malay, half-Tamil from Sumatra.[9]The capital of the nation was Singhapala (சிங்கப்பூர்)[10] which is Tamil-Sanskrit[11] for "Lion City", the same root words as with the modern city-state of Singapore. The later Spanish chronicler Antonio Pigafetta mispronounced Singhapala as Cingopola instead.[12]

Spanish Colonial Period

Report from the Magellan Expedition

The old Recoletos Church of Cebu

The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 began a period of Spanish exploration and colonization.[13][14] Losing the favor of King Manuel I of Portugal for his plan of reaching the Spice Islands by sailing west from Europe, Magellan offered his services to King Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). On September 20, 1519, Magellan led five ships with a total complement of 250 people from the Spanish fort of Sanlúcar de Barrameda en route to southeast Asia via the Americas and the Pacific Ocean. They reached the Philippines on March 16, 1521. Rajah Kolambu, the rajah of Mazaua told them to sail for Cebu, where they could trade and obtain provisions.

Arriving in Cebu City, Magellan, with Enrique of Malacca as a translator, befriended Rajah Humabon a chief of a village in Cebu, and persuaded the natives to ally themselves with the Spanish. On April 14, Magellan erected a large wooden cross on the shores of Cebu. Afterwards, Rajah Humabon was baptized along with about 400 Sugbuanons.

Magellan soon heard of Datu Lapu-Lapu, a native chief in nearby Mactan Island, a rival of a chief in Cebu. It was thought that Humabon and Lapu–Lapu had been fighting for control of the flourishing trade in the area. On April 27 the Battle of Mactan occurred, where the Spaniards were defeated and Magellan was killed by the natives of Mactan[15] in Mactan Island. According to Italian historian and chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's body was never recovered despite efforts to trade for it with spice and jewels. Magellan's second-in-command, Juan Sebastián Elcano, took his place as captain of the expedition and sailed the fleet back to Spain, circumnavigating the world.

Survivors of the Magellan expedition returned to Spain with tales of a savage island in the East Indies. Consequently, several Spanish expeditions were sent to the islands but all ended in failure.

Report from the Legazpi Expedition

Calle Colon in Cebu City is one of the oldest street in the Philippines

On April 27, 1565 Miguel López de Legazpi arrived on the island, though he also intended to make peace, he was also prepared for a war since these were the same people that killed Magellan 44 years prior. According to the report, a messenger went to the Spanish ship and informed them that Tupas and "along with 10 other chiefs" would be out to either make negotiations or as a warning to prepare for an upcoming battle. Despite trying to assure the natives that the Spanish were there with good intentions, the natives already armed themselves, both parties were reported to have taunted each other offshore. Legazpi aimed the artillery on the proas which briefly confused the opposing natives causing them to run into the woods thus making the shore clear for the Spanish to land. Salvaging any valuable item that could be found, Juan de Camuz came across an image of the Child Jesus, which was probably the one Magellan presented to the consort of the chief in 1521. From then on, a church was built on the site which would later become the Minor Basilica of the Holy Child. Twelve days later, on May 8, a fort was established and while the construction was ongoing, the natives frequently launched attacks but were always repulsed until eventually they give in as soon as they realized the superior armament of the Europeans. Legazpi dealt only with Tupas, after a brief "trial" on grounds of apostasy and Magellan's murder, the Europeans pardoned the natives' chief and included the natives. After the exchange, the two parties then discussed the terms and conditions including confirmation of titles, who receives tax exemptions, land grants, authority and recognition of officials. The crew then left Cebu on June 1, 1565.[16] In the 1700s, Cebu housed 625 Spanish Filipino families and 28,112 native families[17]: 113 

American colonial period

In 1898, the island was ceded to the United States after the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War. In 1901, Cebu was governed by the United States for a brief period, however, it became a chartered city on February 24, 1937, and was governed independently by Filipino politicians.[18]

Japanese occupation

In 2009 Japanese - Filipino archaeologists in Boljoon discovered ancient Japanese pottery that has been to believed to been in existence since the early trading activity between Japan and Cebu in the 16th to 18th century.[19]

Cebu, being one of the most densely populated islands in the Philippines, served as a Japanese base during their occupation in World War II which began with the landing of Japanese soldiers in April 1942. A Japanese businessman established Cebu's first "comfort station" during the war, where Japanese soldiers routinely gang-raped, humiliated, and murdered kidnapped girls and teenagers who they forced into sexual slavery under the brutal "comfort women" system.[20][21][22] The 3rd, 8th, 82nd and 85th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was re-established from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was reestablished again from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, at the military general headquarters and the military camps and garrisoned in Cebu city and Cebu province. They started the Anti-Japanese military operations in Cebu from April 1942 to September 1945 and helped Cebuano guerrillas and fought against the Japanese Imperial forces. Almost three years later in March 1945, combined Filipino and American forces landed and reoccupied the island during the liberation of the Philippines. Cebuano guerrilla groups led by an American, James M. Cushing, is credited for the establishment of the "Koga Papers",[23] which is said to have changed the American plans to retake the Philippines from Japanese occupation in 1944, by helping the combined United States and the Philippine Commonwealth Army forces enter Cebu in 1945. The following year the island achieved independence from colonial rule in 1946.

Philippine independence

During the Marcos dictatorship

Cebu became a key center of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship,[24] first becoming apparent when the hastily put-together lineup of Pusyon Bisaya defeated the entire slate of Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) in Region VII.[25]

Among the Cebuanos immediately arrested by the Marcos dictatorship when martial law was announced on September 23, 1972 were columnist and future National Artist Resil Mojares and human rights lawyer and Carcar Vice Mayor Democrito Barcenas, who were both detained at Camp Sergio Osmeña.[26][27][28]

One of the Marcos Martial Law Desaparecidos from Cebu was Redemptorist Priest Fr. Rudy Romano,[29] a prominent Marcos critic and Executive Secretary of Cebu's Coalition against People's Persecution, who was accosted by armed men in Tisa, Labangon, Cebu City on June 11, 1985, and never seen again.[30][31] Levi Ybañez, Romano's colleague in the Coalition against People's Persecution, was abducted on the same day as Fr. Romano, and was also never heard from again.[32][33] Ribomapil Holganza, a prominent leader of Cebu's opposition was also arrested together with his son on Christmas Day, December 25, 1983, on political charges. He was subsequently released and cleared of all charges.[34]

Role in the People Power Revolution

Later, Cebu would play a key role in the days leading up to the 1986 People Power revolution and the ouster of Marcos. It was from Fuente Osmeña circle in Cebu City that the opposition forces relaunched the Civil Disobedience Campaign against the Marcos regime and its cronies on February 22, 1986. After that, the Carmelite Monastery in Barangay Mabolo, Cebu City, served as a refuge for opposition candidates Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel during the first day of the People Power revolution, because it was not yet safe to go back to Manila.[35]

Contemporary

In 2007, the municipalities of Bogo, Carcar, and Naga became component cities. Their respective cityhood laws were ratified in the same year. However, their cityhood status were lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the LCP questioned the validity of the cityhood laws. Their cityhood status were reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011, declared their respective cityhood laws constitutional.

In February 2012 Cebu island experienced the effects of magnitude 6.7 earthquake on the neighboring island of Negros and was the largest quake in the area for 90 years. The tremor shook buildings but there were no reports of major building damage or loss of life on Cebu Island itself. This tremor was caused by a previously unrecorded fault.[36][37]

In October 2013, Cebu and Bohol were hit by record-setting 7.2 magnitude earthquake which left 222 dead and collapsed some buildings, including 5 historical churches.[38][39] There were over 700 aftershocks. The northern part of the province was devastated by Typhoon Haiyan a month later.[40]

In December 2021, Typhoon Rai wreaked havoc across the province,[41] leading to a declaration of "calamity" by the government.[42]

Geography

Cebu Island
Sugbo
Geography
LocationVisayas
ArchipelagoPhilippines
Adjacent to
Area4,467.5 km2 (1,724.9 sq mi)[43]
Length196 km (121.8 mi)[44]
Width32 km (19.9 mi)[44]
Coastline513.9 km (319.32 mi)[43]
Highest elevation1,097 m (3599 ft)[43]
Administration
Philippines
RegionCentral Visayas
ProvinceCebu
Demographics
DemonymCebuanos (masculine) / Cebuanas (feminine)
Population4,376,010 (2020 census)[3]
Pop. density980/km2 (2540/sq mi)
Ethnic groupsVisayans (Cebuanos)

Cebu is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands. The province consists of Cebu Island, as well as 167 smaller islands, which include Mactan, Bantayan, Malapascua, Olango and the Camotes Islands. But the highly urbanized cities of Cebu, Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue are independent cities not under provincial supervision, yet are often grouped with the province for geographical and statistical purposes.

The province's land area is 4,944 square kilometers (1,909 sq mi), or when the three independent cities (Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue) are included for geographical purposes, the total area is 5,342 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi).

Cebu's central location, proximity to an unusually exotic tourist destination, ready access to a diversity of plant, animal and geological wonders within the island, and remoteness from earthquake and typhoon activity are some of the special attributes of Cebu.

Cebu Island

Cebu Island is the 126th largest island in the world. Cebu Island itself is long and narrow, stretching 196 kilometers (122 mi) from north to south and 32 kilometers (20 mi) across at its widest point.[44] It has narrow coastlines, limestone plateaus, and coastal plains. It also has rolling hills and rugged mountain ranges traversing the northern and southern lengths of the island.

Cebu's highest mountains are over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high. Flat tracts of land can be found in the city of Bogo and in the towns of San Remigio, Medellin and Daanbantayan at the northern region of the province.[44]

The island's area is 4,468 square kilometres (1,725 sq mi),[43] making it the 9th largest island in the Philippines. It supports over 5.2 million people,[45] of which an estimated 2.9 million live in Metro Cebu.[46]

Beaches, coral atolls, islands, and rich fishing grounds surround Cebu.

Coal was first discovered in Cebu about 1837. There were 15 localities over the whole island, on both coasts; some desultory mining had been carried out Naga near Mount Uling, but most serious operations were at Licos and Camansi west of Compostela and Danao.[47] Active work ceased about 1895 with insurrections, and no production worked for more than ten years. A topographic and geologic survey of Compostela, Danao, and Carmen took place in 1906.[48] The Compostela-Danao coalfield contained about six million workable tons. The tramroads, one from Danao to Camansi, one from Compostela to Mount Licos, were undertaken in 1895, together with a wagon road built in 1877, from Cotcot to Dapdap.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Cebu

The climate of Cebu is tropical. There are 2 seasons in Cebu − the dry and wet season.[49] It is dry and sunny most of the year with some occasional rains during the months of June to December. The province of Cebu normally gets typhoons once a year or none.

Northern Cebu gets more rainfall and typhoons than southern Cebu because it has a different climate. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit Northern Cebu in 2013 killing 73 people and injuring 348 others. Though most typhoons hit only the northern part of Cebu, the urban areas in central Cebu are sometimes hit, such as when Typhoon Mike (Ruping), one of the worst to hit Cebu lashed the central Cebu area in 1990. 31 years later, Typhoon Rai struck the central and southern portions of the province.

Cebu's temperatures can reach a high of 36 °C (97 °F) from March to May, and as low as 18 °C (64 °F) in the mountains during the wet season. The average temperature is around 24 to 34 °C (75 to 93 °F), and does not fluctuate much except during the month of May, which is the hottest month. Cebu averages 70–80% humidity.[50]

Fauna

See also: List of amphibians and reptiles of Cebu
Copsychus cebuensis, the Black Shama (locally called Siloy), is a species of Shama bird that is only found in the island of Cebu. It is currently endangered. It has been observed as far in urban areas as Cebu City, but is mainly abundant in the species' last stronghold, the Nug-as rainforest of Alcoy. It can also be found in Casili, Consolacion and the mountainous areas of the Trans Central Highway. The bird was once featured on the official stamp of Cebu of 1992.

Endemic species in Cebu include the Cebu Flowerpecker (Dicaeum quadricolor), Cebu Slender Skink (Brachymeles cebuensis), Uling Goby (Sicyopus cebuensis), and Black Shama (Copsychus cebuensis).

There is also a subspecies of Idea leuconoe that is only endemic to Cebu. I. l. jumaloni is endemic to the area of Kawasan Falls in Badian, hence its common name, the Kawasan Paper Kite Butterfly. The subspecies is also named after Julian Jumalon, a Cebuano Lepidopterist and butterfly artist. The butterfly can also be observed in the Nug-as rainforest.

Flora

Cebu has little remaining forest cover. The remaining forest patches in Cebu are composed primarily of the following tree species.[51]

Administrative divisions

The province of Cebu has 3 highly urbanized cities (the capital city of Cebu, Lapu-Lapu, and Mandaue) which are geographically grouped but governed independent from the province, 6 component cities (Bogo, Carcar, Danao, Naga, Talisay, and Toledo), and 44 municipalities for a total of 53 units as listed below:

PSGC City or Municipality Population ±% p.a. Area PD 2020
2020[3] 2010[52] km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
072201000 Alcantara 0.5% 16,910 13,556 ▴ 2.23% 35.20 13.59 480 1,200
072202000 Alcoy 0.6% 19,186 14,757 ▴ 2.66% 61.63 23.80 310 810
072203000 Alegria 0.8% 25,620 22,072 ▴ 1.50% 89.49 34.55 290 740
072204000 Aloguinsan 1.0% 34,466 27,650 ▴ 2.23% 61.92 23.91 560 1,400
072205000 Argao 2.4% 78,187 69,503 ▴ 1.18% 191.50 73.94 410 1,100
072206000 Asturias 1.7% 55,397 44,732 ▴ 2.16% 190.45 73.53 290 750
072207000 Badian 1.3% 43,735 37,699 ▴ 1.50% 110.07 42.50 400 1,000
072208000 Balamban 2.9% 95,136 71,237 ▴ 2.93% 333.56 128.79 290 740
072209000 Bantayan 2.6% 86,247 74,785 ▴ 1.44% 81.68 31.54 1,100 2,700
072210000 Barili 2.4% 80,715 65,524 ▴ 2.11% 122.21 47.19 660 1,700
072211000 Bogo 2.7% 88,867 69,911 ▴ 2.43% 103.52 39.97 860 2,200
072212000 Boljoon 0.5% 17,525 14,877 ▴ 1.65% 117.00 45.17 150 390
072213000 Borbon 1.1% 38,187 32,278 ▴ 1.69% 120.94 46.70 320 820
072214000 Carcar 4.1% 136,453 100,632 ▴ 3.09% 116.78 45.09 1,200 3,000
072215000 Carmen 1.7% 57,897 41,279 ▴ 3.44% 84.78 32.73 680 1,800
072216000 Catmon 1.0% 33,745 27,330 ▴ 2.13% 109.64 42.33 310 800
072217000 Cebu City∞  † 29.0% 964,169 866,171 ▴ 1.08% 315.00 121.62 3,100 7,900
072218000 Compostela 1.7% 55,874 39,167 ▴ 3.62% 53.90 20.81 1,000 2,700
072219000 Consolacion 4.5% 148,012 106,649 ▴ 3.33% 37.03 14.30 4,000 10,000
072220000 Cordova 2.1% 70,595 50,353 ▴ 3.44% 17.15 6.62 4,100 11,000
072221000 Daanbantayan 2.8% 93,502 74,897 ▴ 2.24% 92.27 35.63 1,000 2,600
072222000 Dalaguete 2.2% 74,596 63,239 ▴ 1.67% 154.96 59.83 480 1,200
072223000 Danao 4.7% 156,321 119,252 ▴ 2.74% 107.30 41.43 1,500 3,800
072224000 Dumanjug 1.7% 57,823 46,754 ▴ 2.15% 85.53 33.02 680 1,800
072225000 Ginatilan 0.5% 16,906 15,327 ▴ 0.99% 70.10 27.07 240 620
072226000 Lapu-Lapu City 15.0% 497,604 350,467 ▴ 3.57% 58.10 22.43 8,600 22,000
072227000 Liloan 4.6% 153,197 100,500 ▴ 4.30% 45.92 17.73 3,300 8,600
072228000 Madridejos 1.3% 42,039 34,905 ▴ 1.88% 23.95 9.25 1,800 4,500
072229000 Malabuyoc 0.6% 19,770 18,426 ▴ 0.71% 69.27 26.75 290 740
072230000 Mandaue 10.9% 364,116 331,320 ▴ 0.95% 34.87 13.46 10,000 27,000
072231000 Medellin 1.8% 59,605 50,047 ▴ 1.76% 73.19 28.26 810 2,100
072232000 Minglanilla 4.5% 151,002 113,178 ▴ 2.92% 65.60 25.33 2,300 6,000
072233000 Moalboal 1.1% 36,930 27,676 ▴ 2.93% 124.86 48.21 300 770
072234000 Naga 4.0% 133,184 101,571 ▴ 2.75% 101.97 39.37 1,300 3,400
072235000 Oslob 0.9% 29,264 26,116 ▴ 1.14% 134.75 52.03 220 560
072236000 Pilar 0.4% 12,506 11,564 ▴ 0.79% 32.42 12.52 390 1,000
072237000 Pinamungajan 2.3% 75,131 57,997 ▴ 2.62% 109.16 42.15 690 1,800
072238000 Poro 0.8% 26,232 23,498 ▴ 1.11% 63.59 24.55 410 1,100
072239000 Ronda 0.6% 21,005 18,582 ▴ 1.23% 57.10 22.05 370 950
072240000 Samboan 0.6% 20,373 18,613 ▴ 0.91% 45.16 17.44 450 1,200
072241000 San Fernando 2.2% 72,224 60,970 ▴ 1.71% 69.39 26.79 1,000 2,700
072242000 San Francisco 1.8% 59,236 47,357 ▴ 2.26% 106.93 41.29 550 1,400
072243000 San Remigio 2.0% 65,744 51,394 ▴ 2.49% 95.27 36.78 690 1,800
072244000 Santa Fe 1.0% 34,471 27,270 ▴ 2.37% 28.05 10.83 1,200 3,200
072245000 Santander 0.6% 18,527 16,105 ▴ 1.41% 35.67 13.77 520 1,300
072246000 Sibonga 1.6% 53,424 43,641 ▴ 2.04% 133.45 51.53 400 1,000
072247000 Sogod 1.2% 39,447 30,626 ▴ 2.56% 119.23 46.03 330 860
072248000 Tabogon 1.2% 41,432 33,024 ▴ 2.29% 101.35 39.13 410 1,100
072249000 Tabuelan 0.9% 28,907 22,292 ▴ 2.63% 141.13 54.49 200 530
072250000 Talisay 7.9% 263,048 200,772 ▴ 2.74% 39.87 15.39 6,600 17,000
072251000 Toledo 6.2% 207,314 157,078 ▴ 2.81% 216.28 83.51 960 2,500
072252000 Tuburan 2.0% 68,167 58,914 ▴ 1.47% 224.50 86.68 300 790
072253000 Tudela 0.3% 11,304 9,859 ▴ 1.38% 33.02 12.75 340 890
TOTAL 3,325,385 2,619,362 ▴ 2.41% 4,943.72 1,908.8 670 1,700
† Provincial capital     Highly Urbanized City     Municipality     Component city
∞ Largest settlement

Demographics

See also: Cebuano people and List of people from Cebu
Population census of Cebu
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 653,727—    
1918 855,065+1.81%
1939 1,068,078+1.06%
1948 1,123,107+0.56%
1960 1,332,847+1.44%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1970 1,170,386−1.29%
1975 1,264,357+1.56%
1980 1,410,346+2.21%
1990 1,732,386+2.08%
1995 1,890,357+1.65%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2000 2,160,569+2.91%
2007 2,440,120+1.69%
2010 2,619,362+2.61%
2015 2,938,982+2.22%
2020 3,325,385+2.46%
Excludes independent cities
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[53][52][54]
The Basílica Minore del Santo Niño in Cebu, the first church built in the Philippines. Named by the Holy See as the "Mother and Head... of all Churches of the Philippine Islands".[55]

The population of Cebu province, according to the 2020 Philippine census, was 3,325,385 with a density of 670 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,700 inhabitants per square mile[3]. When the independent cities – Cebu City (964,169[56]), Lapu-Lapu (497,604[56]), and Mandaue (364,116[56]) – are included for geographical purposes, the total population is 5,151,274 people, with a population density of 964 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,498/sq mi).

The population of the Central Visayas is predominantly young with about 37 percent of its population below 10 years old. This is very evident in the very broad base of the population pyramid in the region which has prevailed since 1970 but at a declining rate. A decline of 2.29 percentage points in the proportion of household population below 15 years old was noted from 1980 to 1995. Conversely, an increase of 3.06 percentage points was observed in the 15–64 age group during the same period. The population of the region is evenly distributed between males and females. However, the male population in the region has been increasing at a faster rate compared to the female population.[57]

In 2010, the median age of the population of the province was 23.0 years, which means that half of the population was younger than 23.0 years.[2] This is higher than the median age of 20.8 years that was recorded in 2000.

Languages

See also: Cebuano language
Spoken Languages in Cebu Province[58]
Languages percentage
Cebuano/Bisaya/Binisaya/Boholano
 
 98.8%
Hiligaynon
 
 0.2%
Tagalog
 
 0.2%
Others
 
 0.8%

The Cebuano language is spoken in Cebu, which is also spoken in the rest of Central Visayas and most parts of Eastern Visayas, as well as most provinces of Mindanao.

In the Camotes Islands, especially in Poro, people there speak their own Visayan language called Porohanon, which has Masbateño and Waray-Waray influences. Some of the residents in Bantayan islands also speak Bantayanon, a Visayan language related to Waray-Waray.

Chinese Filipinos also speak Philippine Hokkien privately amongst fellow speakers in Cebu, while Mandarin (Standard Chinese) is also taught in Chinese class of Chinese Filipino schools.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Philippines

Catholicism

The original image of Santo Niño de Cebú, an image of the Child Jesus given by Ferdinand Magellan to Queen Juana and to the Cebuanos after the First Baptism, now enshrined at the Minor Basilica.

The majority of its population are Roman Catholic[59] followed by roughly 95% of Cebuanos.[60] There are also followers of Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. The increasing members of the Iglesia ni Cristo in the province has 3 subdivided district (Bogo City, Carcar City and Cebu City) chapels, dominating each cities and towns, while barrio chapels have 2-3% presence in the entire province.

Cebu is the capital of the Catholic faith[61] by virtue of being the first Christian city,[62] the first capital of the Spanish East Indies, and the birthplace of Christianity and the Philippine Church. Pope John Paul II, in his Homily for Families in Cebu (February 19, 1981), called the island as the birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines.[63] At over 3,000,000 adherents, the province of Cebu has the highest number of Roman Catholics out of any province in the Philippines.[60]

The image of Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child of Cebu), the oldest Christian image in the Philippines, is enshrined and venerated at the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño. According to Philippine historical documents, the statue of the Santo Niño (Holy Child) was given to Queen Humamay (also referred to as Hara Amihan and Queen Juana), the wife of Rajah Humabon (also referred to as Rajah Carlos), the Rajah of Cebu by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. The Cebuanos' acceptance of Christianity is depicted in Cebu's cultural event, the Sinulog where street parades and loud drum beats preceded by a Christian Mass is celebrated every third Sunday of January. Cebu has a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and has several major churches, including the Basilica Minor del Santo Niño de Cebu, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, Santo Rosario Parish Church, San José–Recoletos Church, Sacred Heart Church, Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Lourdes, National Shrine of Our Lady of the Rule, National Shrine of Saint Joseph of Mandaue, Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Cebu, San Nicolas de Tolentino Church, Archdiocesan Shrine of Patrocinio de Maria Santissima of Boljoon, and other Christian churches, as well as several other non-Catholic churches, mosques and temples.

Government

Former governors of Cebu:

  1. ^ a b c d Appointed

Congress

Main articles: Legislative districts of Cebu and 19th Congress of the Philippines § Membership
District Representative Party Term Bloc
1st Rhea Mae Gullas Nacionalista[64] 1 Majority
2nd Edsel Galeos Lakas 1 Majority
3rd Pablo John Garcia NUP 2 Majority
4th Janice Salimbangon NUP 2 Majority
5th Duke Frasco NUP/1-Cebu 2 Majority
6th Daphne Lagon Lakas 1 Majority
7th Peter John Calderon NPC 2 Majority

Economy

Poverty incidence of Cebu

10
20
30
40
2000
17.70
2003
21.10
2006
30.41
2009
26.78
2012
22.69
2015
23.86
2018
14.76
2021
22.80

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]

[key needed thousands? percentages? what?]
See also: Economy of the Philippines
Cebu City, although independent from Cebu Province (together with Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu City), is the largest city and economic hub of the island.

"Ceboom", a combination of Cebu and boom, has been used to describe the province's economic development. With many beautiful islands, white sand beaches, luxury hotels and resorts, diving locations and heritage sites, high domestic and foreign tourist arrivals have fueled the tourism industry of Cebu. Cebu consistently gets a big share of tourist arrivals in the Philippines and has become the tourist gateway to Central and Southern Philippines due to its central geographic location, accessibility, and natural resources. The province also hosts various national and international conferences every year.

About 80% of domestic and international shipping operators and shipbuilders in the Philippines are located in Cebu. Shipbuilding companies in Cebu have manufactured bulk carriers of up to 70,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT), and double-hulled fastcraft as well. Cebu's industry helps make the Philippines the 5th largest shipbuilding country in the world.

Cebu's extensive port facilities and its proximity to intra-Asian shipping and air routes are major factors which led multinational companies to establish offices or factories on the main island, as well as in the island of Mactan, where they are clustered in special economic zones known as the Mactan Economic Processing Zone 1 (MEPZ-1) and the Mactan Economic Processing Zone 2 (MEPZ-2). Due to its burgeoning furniture-making industry, Cebu has been named as the furniture capital of the Philippines. Cebu's other exports include: fashion accessories, guitars, coconut, coconut oil, dried mangoes, carrageenan, gifts, toys, watches, cameras, electronic components, and housewares.

With a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is the fastest-growing sector in Cebu. With the strong economic indicators and high investors' confidence level, more condominium projects and hypermarkets are being developed in the locality. An additional 100 commercial and residential buildings would be completed by 2015 and another 170 to 200 buildings are expected to be finished by 2017. 64 new hypermarkets will be developed in Cebu.[73]

In 2013, Cebu ranked 8th worldwide in the "Top 100 BPO Destinations Report" by global advisory firm, Tholons.[74][75] The Cebu Chamber of Commerce and Industry, an organization of Cebu's businesses, is promoting the city's growth and economy on information and communications technology, with the aim of making Cebu the premier ICT, software and e-services investment destination in southeast Asia. Data gathered by the National Economic Development Authority (Neda) 7 showed that of the 98 BPO and IT companies operating in Cebu, 32 offer voice operations while 66 companies offer non-voice operations. Of the 95,000 employed by the industry, more than half or 50,000 are in the non-voice sector. In 2012, the growth in IT-BPO revenues in Cebu grew 26.9 percent at $484 million, while nationally, the industry grew 18.2 percent at $13 billion.[76][77]

Cebu's economy is also driven by the mining and quarrying areas in Toledo, Naga, Alcoy, and Danao.

Cebu even boasts being a subsidiary of one of the leading ice rink manufacturers in the world. These rinks are engineered and fabricated in Cebu by Ice Rink Supply and shipped worldwide[78] and Freeze Point Rink Services.[79]

Tourism is an important industry for the province. In 2019, Cebu welcomed 1.4 million foreign tourists,[80] and is one of the most visited in the country by both domestic and foreign visitors. Cebu Island has also entered the list of Condé Nast Traveler's World's Best Islands rankings thrice: 2016, 2017 and 2019. Cebu City and Cebu Province, despite being administratively separated from each other, are often marketed as a single tourist destination, combining natural countryside scenery with urban attractions including cultural-historical sites and developing infrastructure.

Tourism

Attractions

See also: Cebu City § Tourism

Cebu City is a significant cultural centre in the Philippines. The imprint of Spanish and Roman Catholic culture is evident. There are also many historically important sights all over the province.

Cuisine

Cebu also has a great number of delicacies from every town. Much of the delicacies are either Precolonial or influenced by Spanish or Chinese cuisines.

  • Cebu Lechon is one of the two types of lechon in the Philippines. It is served primarily around the Metro Cebu Area, particularly Talisay City, but is served throughout the island and other parts of the Visayas.
    Cebu Lechon is one of the two types of lechon in the Philippines. It is served primarily around the Metro Cebu Area, particularly Talisay City, but is served throughout the island and other parts of the Visayas.
  • Liempo is a variation of lechon that contains only the pork belly rather than a whole pig. In Cebu, it is served primarily in Balamban.
    Liempo is a variation of lechon that contains only the pork belly rather than a whole pig. In Cebu, it is served primarily in Balamban.
  • Rosquillos are Philippine cookies that originate from Liloan.
    Rosquillos are Philippine cookies that originate from Liloan.
  • The Corazon Rosquillos, a special variety of Rosquillos from Titay's that has a heart-shaped hole instead of a circular one.
    The Corazon Rosquillos, a special variety of Rosquillos from Titay's that has a heart-shaped hole instead of a circular one.
  • Chicharon is a common Filipino Food that is made up of crispy fried pork rinds. In Cebu, it is commonly found in Carcar.
    Chicharon is a common Filipino Food that is made up of crispy fried pork rinds. In Cebu, it is commonly found in Carcar.
  • Ampaw is a Cebuano snack made from fried white rice coated in syrup, usually with Peanuts inside. It originates from Carcar.
    Ampaw is a Cebuano snack made from fried white rice coated in syrup, usually with Peanuts inside. It originates from Carcar.
  • Pusô is rice boiled in a woven pouch made from palm leaves. It is common all throughout the Visayas.
    Pusô is rice boiled in a woven pouch made from palm leaves. It is common all throughout the Visayas.
  • Humbà is a braised pork dish from the Visayas. In Cebu, it is primarily served in Ronda.
    Humbà is a braised pork dish from the Visayas. In Cebu, it is primarily served in Ronda.
  • Otap is an oval-shaped puff pastry cookie that originates from Cebu.
    Otap is an oval-shaped puff pastry cookie that originates from Cebu.
  • Masareal is a Cebuano delicacy that is made from a mixture of finely-ground boiled peanuts, coconut syrup (latík), and water. It originates from Mandaue.
    Masareal is a Cebuano delicacy that is made from a mixture of finely-ground boiled peanuts, coconut syrup (latík), and water. It originates from Mandaue.
  • Pintos, also known as Binaki, is a Philippine steamed corn sweet tamales that is served in both Bukidnon and Cebu, particularly in Bogo.
    Pintos, also known as Binaki, is a Philippine steamed corn sweet tamales that is served in both Bukidnon and Cebu, particularly in Bogo.
  • Tubâ, is a type of Philippine Coconut wine or "toddy" found in the Visayas. In Cebu, it is found in both Borbon and Argao.
    Tubâ, is a type of Philippine Coconut wine or "toddy" found in the Visayas. In Cebu, it is found in both Borbon and Argao.

Significant dates

One of the Passus of the Good Friday procession of the Semana Santa of Bantayan showing St. Longinus piercing the side of the Body of Christ. Bantayan's Holy Week processions and practices are said to be the grandest in the Visayas. Bantayan is also the only town in the Philippines where fasting is not strictly observed during Holy Week.
Cebu Provincial Charter Day

The province celebrates its charterhood August 6 each year. It is considered a special non-working holiday throughout the entire province, including the three independent city states.

During the monthly celebration of Cebu's provincial charterhood, the province hosts a variety of events in line with the aim for unity among all Cebuanos. As part of the Founding Anniversary Celebration of the province, the capitol hosts the Tabo sa Kapitolyo, a provincial trade fair that features all the products, delicacies, and other specialties from each City and Municipality in the province. The province also hosts the Pasigarbo sa Sugbo Festival of Festivals, a celebration that showcases all festivals from every town of Cebu and is meant to highlight the culture, history, traditions, and way of life of all Cebuanos.

Semana Santa sa Bantayan

The Semana Santa of Bantayan is the local Holy Week celebration in the town of Bantayan. It is largely considered the grandest celebration of Holy Week in the Visayas. The celebration features lifelike Passus depicting the Passion and Death of Jesus on top of intricate caroes that are paraded throughout the entire town.

One thing that makes the Holy Week and Lenten Celebration of Bantayan unique from other Holy Week observations of other parts of Cebu and the Philippines (and, quite possibly, the world) is that traditional Lenten Fast is not strictly observed during Holy Week. This is because the town of Bantayan has received an exemption from the traditional Lenten fast directly from the Vatican. The exemption or special permission dated July 27, 1824, which is formally known as "Bantayan Indult", was signed by Pope Leo XII himself. The Bantayan Indult was given through Padre Doroteo Andrada Del Rosario and allows the consumption of meat on days of fasting and obligation. The original document is being kept at the Bantayan Museum in Bantayan Island.

There are several speculations as to why the town made the request for an indult. The most probable reason for having this indult is because people in the town would usually avoid fishing during Holy Week. This is likely because, at the time, all forms of work was prohibited, including fishing and aquaculture. Without anyone supplying fish, the only allowed meat for fasting, to the town, the Bantayanons were left with no choice but to eat the meat that is normally prohibited in Lent. There is also another reason for this based on folk beliefs. Because of the local belief that evil powers and malignant entities are stronger during Good Friday, the day of the death of Jesus, the fishermen of the town would deem it too unsafe to fish, in fear that an evil presence will come upon them at sea.

In truth, the indult has long expired and is no longer valid, however, Bantayanons today still practice eating the usually forbidden meat during Holy Week as it has already become part of their Lenten traditions.

Gabii sa Kabilin

Translating to "Heritage Night", it is a program initiated by the Ramon Aboitiz Foundation Incorporated in 2007. Gabii sa Kabilin is an event that aims to help preserve Cebu's rich history, culture and heritage, by encouraging the public to visit the different museums and heritage structures of Cebu. For one night, all the museums and heritage structures of Cebu all open their doors for all people in order for them to learn about the history of Cebu, as well as its heritage and cultural legacy. Although most of the heritage locations that participate in the heritage night are from Cebu City, there are also other locations that are from the other parts of the province. Museo Sugbo, the provincial museum, and the National Museum of the Philippines of Cebu are among the participating museums of Gabii sa Kabilin.

Festivals

Main article: Festivals of Cebu

Infrastructure

Terminal 2 building of Mactan–Cebu International Airport.
The CCLEX Bridge, completed in 2022, is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the Philippines

Mactan–Cebu International Airport (MCIA) on the island of Mactan serves as the main gateway to domestic and international routes to or from Cebu City and other islands in the Visayas region. In the last 15 years, MCIA's passenger traffic has grown at an annual average of 21% for international passenger traffic. The airport is the second busiest airport in the Philippines in passenger and cargo traffic. The plan for a new terminal expansion of the airport is underway and estimated to cost $240 million under a public-private partnership program of the Philippine government. The new terminal will host international flights while the old terminal will host domestic flights.[81]

In addition, MCIA Authority (MCIAA) General Manager Nigel Paul Villarete also proposed to establish a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line to transport airport passengers to and from MCIAA and different parts of Cebu. This will be integrated into the proposed Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System being planned in Metro Cebu.

The Port of Cebu is the largest shipping hub in the Visayas region.

Cebu Pacific Air is an airline owned by Cebu-based Gokongwei family. On May 28, 2008, Cebu Pacific was named as the world's number one airline in terms of growth. The airline carried a total of almost 5.5 million passengers in 2007, up 57.4% from 2006.[82] On January 6, 2011, Cebu Pacific flew its 50 millionth passenger (from Manila to Beijing). The airline reached the 100 million passengers in 2015.[83] Cebu Pacific commenced international long-haul flights to Middle East and Australia, flight to Guam starting Q1 2016.

Notable business districts are the Cebu Business Park and the Cebu IT Park. This area hosts industries related to the information technology industry such as software development, telecommunications, engineering research and development centers, and business process outsourcing. In 2013, Ayala Corporation's affiliate, Ayala Land Inc., announced that it is looking at introducing another business park development within the Cebu City area to optimize the high performance of real estate investments in Cebu.[84]

The city's 300-hectare (740-acre; 3.0 km2; 3,000,000 m2) reclamation forms South Road Properties – a mixed-use development south of the city which features entertainment, leisure, residential and business-processing industries.[85] Is the site of SM Seaside City Cebu, the eighth largest mall in the world (and 3rd largest shopping mall in the Philippines), Filinvest's Citta di Mare[86] and Il Corso,[87] and the University of the Philippines – Cebu campus.[88]

In Mactan Island, Megaworld Corporation's Mactan Newtown is a 25-hectare business park near Shangri-La's Mactan Resort and Spa. The project will be home to high-tech offices, a retail center, residential towers and villages, leisure facilities with a beach resort frontage.[89]

Mactan Island is linked to mainland Cebu via Mactan-Mandaue Bridge, Marcelo Fernan Bridge and Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway, the longest bridge in the Philippines.

Media

Cebu is home to a local television station, Cebu Catholic Television Network (CCTN).[a]

Despite having their own local stations, Cebuanos prefer to watch the Philippines's several dominant television networks, namely: ABS-CBN (now Kapamilya Channel and A2Z), People's Television Network, IBC, TV5, CNN Philippines (now RPTV) and GMA Network.[citation needed]

While national newspapers have a presence on the island, Cebu has English-language local newspapers – The Freeman (under the Star Group), SunStar Cebu and Cebu Daily News (under the Inquirer Group): and Cebuano-language newspapers – SunStar SuperBalita owned by SunStar, and Banat News owned by The Freeman. Each of the local newspapers sell cheaper than their national counterparts.[citation needed]

Education

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Metro Cebu
University of San Carlos, one of the oldest universities in the Philippines.

The Philippine elementary school begins from Grades 1 to 6. The high school program takes six years, from Grades 7 through to 12, taken after graduating from elementary school. Cebu is considered as the main education hub in the Visayas. It has eleven large universities each with a number of college branches mostly throughout the capital, Cebu City, and more than a dozen other schools and universities specializing in various courses such as Medicine, Engineering, Nautical courses, Nursing, Law, Commerce, Education, Computer and IT and other professions.

The most prominent of these universities are (in alphabetical order):

Other notable institutions include: Asian College of Technology in Cebu City and Talisay, Benedicto College, Cebu Eastern College, Cebu Institute of Medicine, a medical school in affiliation with Velez College, The International Academy of Film and Television, established in Mactan in 2004 and Cebu's first film school, Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine, Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, among others.

Cebu is home to one fully accredited international school, Cebu International School, a K–12 school established in 1924. Cebu is considered to be a hub of medical education, with many international students coming to study medicine in Cebu's medical schools. Some of Cebu's well-known medical schools are in Cebu Doctors University and Cebu Institute of Medicine.

International relations and sisterhood agreements

  • Cebu hosted two major Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and telecom events, the 12th ASEAN Telecommunications and IT Ministers Meeting (TELMIN) and the 13th ASEAN Telecommunications and IT Senior Officials Meeting (TELSOM) in 2012.
  • Cebu hosted the international 4th Dance Xchange, a project organized by the National Dance Committee of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in 2012.
  • Cebu as member hosted the 11th East Asia Inter-Regional Tourism Forum in 2011[90]
  • Cebu join as a participating member of Inter–Island Tourism Policy Forum in 2011 (ITOP Forum)[91]
  • Cebu hosted the 12th ASEAN Summit in 2007.[92]
Existing sisterhood agreements
Domestic sisterhood agreements

Notable personalities

Main article: List of people from Cebu

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a religious station partly owned and endorsed by the Archdiocese of Cebu

References

  1. ^ "What To Know About Cebu, Philippines". The Philippines Tourism Board. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Province: Cebu". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Census of Population (2020). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "Number of Registered Voters by Sex : 2019 National and Local Elections" (PDF). Commission on Elections. 2019.
  5. ^ Asaad, Irawan; Lundquist, Carolyn J.; Erdmann, Mark V.; Costello, Mark J. (June 2018). "Delineating priority areas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle". Biological Conservation. 222 (2): 198–211. Bibcode:2018BCons.222..198A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.037.
  6. ^ a b "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Cognate Sets - s". trussel2.com. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Benitez, Jiolito Luzano (September 14, 2017). "Historicity of City and Town Names in the Province of Cebu". Cebu Normal University-Journal of Higher Education. 11: 4.
  8. ^ Stanley, Henry Edward John (1874). The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan. The Hakluyt Society. pp. 84–105.
  9. ^ Santarita, Joefe B. (2018), Saran, Shyam (ed.), "Panyupayana: The Emergence of Hindu Polities in the Pre-Islamic Philippines", Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary Dimensions, Singapore: Springer, pp. 93–105, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5_6, ISBN 978-981-10-7317-5
  10. ^ THE GENEALOGY OF HARI' TUPAS: AN ETHNOHISTORY OF CHIEFLY POWER AND HIERARCHY IN SUGBU AS A PROTOSTATE Astrid Sala-Boza Page 280.
  11. ^ 5 other places in Asia which are also called Singapura By Joshua Lee
  12. ^ "The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan" Written By Antonio Pigafetta
  13. ^ "Philippine History – Spanish Colonization". Archived from the original on January 8, 2011.
  14. ^ information.ph 2009a.
  15. ^ "Cebu – History". Cebu Provincial Government.
  16. ^ Cushner, Nicholas P. (1965). "Legazpi 1564-1572". Philippine Studies. 13 (2): 183–187. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42720592. In the ruins one of Legazpi's men, Juan de Camuz, made what was considered a miraculous find. He came across an image of the Child Jesus, probably the one which Pigafetta had presented to the Queen of Cebu in 1521. [...] Legazpi took counsel with his offices and religious [advisers?] about whether he should pardon the Cebuans' past offenses against Magellan's men and their apostasy from the faith they had embraced.
  17. ^ ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
  18. ^ Oaminal, Clarence Paul (September 7, 2016). "Guests at the inauguration of Cebu City Charter". The Freeman. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  19. ^ "Ancient Japanese pottery in Boljoon town". May 30, 2011.
  20. ^ "Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  21. ^ The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia. The University of the Philippines Press. 2008. ISBN 9789715425629. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  22. ^ "Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines".
  23. ^ de Viana 2005.
  24. ^ Mayol, Ador Vincent S. (December 1, 2016). "Cebuanos honor 7 martyrs, 8 survivors of martial law". The Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  25. ^ Almendras, Ruben (May 14, 2019). "The Pusyon Bisaya phenomenon". The Freeman. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  26. ^ Manticajon, Atty Ian Vincent. "Never forget". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  27. ^ Barcenas, Democrito (October 4, 2014). "Cebu's first martial law detainees". Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  28. ^ Mongaya, Karlo Mikhail I. (2019). "Militant Struggles and Anti-Imperialism in Resil Mojares's The Freeman Columns during the Early 1970s". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 67 (3–4): 557–594. doi:10.1353/phs.2019.0026. ISSN 2244-1638. S2CID 213742855.
  29. ^ Mongaya, Anol (September 2, 2017). "Mongaya: Inday Nita, Serging, ug Fr. Rudy". SunStar Philippines. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  30. ^ Mayol, Ador Vincent (July 11, 2020). "Cebuanos remember Fr. Rudy Romano on 35th year of disappearance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  31. ^ "Martyrs and Heroes: ROMANO, Rosaleo B." Bantayog ng mga Bayani. July 13, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  32. ^ Mongaya, Anol (November 27, 2016). "Mongaya: To honor Cebu heroes on Nov. 30". SunStar Philippines. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  33. ^ "Heroes and Martyrs: YBAÑEZ, Rolan Ylagan". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. August 19, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  34. ^ "Holganza – prominent leader of Cebu's anti-Marcos forces – passes away". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 26, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  35. ^ Erram, Morexette Marie B. (February 25, 2021). "Cebu and the days leading to February 25, 1986". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  36. ^ "Reminiscence of the 2012 Ms6.9 Negros Oriental Quake". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  37. ^ ""Blind" Fault Line Caused Negros Earthquake, Philippine Experts Say". Asian Scientist. February 21, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  38. ^ "Bohol Earthquake: One year on". World Health Organization. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  39. ^ Johnson, M. Alex (October 15, 2013). "At least 82 dead, churches destroyed as 7.2 earthquake hits Philippines". NBC News. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  40. ^ "Aftermath Photos of Cebu in the Wake of Typhoon Yolanda". Asia Society. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  41. ^ "Philippines: Super Typhoon Rai (Odette) Humanitarian Needs and Priorities Revision (Dec 2021 - Jun 2022) (2 Feb 2022)". ReliefWeb. February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  42. ^ McCarthy, Julie (December 21, 2021). "Desperation grows in the Philippines in the aftermath of Typhoon Rai". NPR. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  43. ^ a b c d Dahl 1998.
  44. ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Britannica 2016.
  45. ^ "Cebu". Britannica. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  46. ^ "Philippines: Metro Cebu Intelligent Transportation System Master Plan Technical Assistance". US Trade and Development Agency. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  47. ^ Abella y Casariego 1886.
  48. ^ Smith 1907.
  49. ^ "Weather". Archived from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  50. ^ "Weather in Cebu". Guide to Cebu. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  51. ^ Supsup, Christian & Puna, Nevong & Asis, Augusto & Redoblado, Bernard & Fatima Panaguinit, Maria & Guinto, Faith & Rico, Edmund & Diesmos, Arvin & Brown, Rafe & Mallari, Neil. (2016). Amphibians and Reptiles of Cebu, Philippines: The Poorly Understood Herpetofauna of an Island with Very Little Remaining Natural Habitat. Asian Herpetological Research. 7. 151–179. 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.150049.
  52. ^ a b Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region VII (Central Visayas)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  53. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  54. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region VII (Central Visayas)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  55. ^ Basilica del Santo Niño is named by the Vatican as "mother and head of all churches in the Philippines" (mater et caput... omnium ecclesiarum Insularum Philippinarum). See Ut clarificetur
  56. ^ a b c "Press release". Philippine Statistics Authority.
  57. ^ "More on demographics". The Commission on Population of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  58. ^ "Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: 2010" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority.
  59. ^ "Cebu – Paradise: Culture and Lifestyle". Cebu Provincial Government. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  60. ^ a b "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  61. ^ Bautista 2006.
  62. ^ Blair, Robertson & Vol 2, p. 121.
  63. ^ "19 February 1981: Mass for families, Cebu City, Philippines – John Paul II". Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  64. ^ "Halalan 2019 Philippine Election Results | ABS-CBN News". Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  65. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  66. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  67. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011.
  68. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  69. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  70. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
  71. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
  72. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  73. ^ "Real estate sector fastest growing industry in Cebu". SunStar Cebu. January 3, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  74. ^ "Cebu rises to 8th best site for BPOs". SunStar Cebu. February 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  75. ^ "Metro Manila, Cebu among top global BPO destinations". Yahoo! Philippines. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  76. ^ "Non-voice overtakes voice operation in Cebu". SunStar Cebu. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  77. ^ "Cebu Park District, Cebu Holdings". Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  78. ^ "Ice Rink Supply, Banilad, Cebu". Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  79. ^ "Freeze Point – Ice Rink Supplier, Mandaue, Cebu". Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  80. ^ Erram, Morexette Marie B. (January 25, 2020). "DOT: Cebu was 2nd top foreign tourists' destination in 2019". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  81. ^ "Philippine PPPs queue up investors". InvestVine.com. April 3, 2013.
  82. ^ "Cebu Pacific is world's No. 1 in growth". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
  83. ^ "Cebu Pacific Reaches 50 Million Passengers Mark". Airline-philippines.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  84. ^ "Cebu Holdings Inc. planning new business district". SunStar. April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  85. ^ "About South Road Properties". City Government of Cebu. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  86. ^ "City di Mare". Cebu Investment | Condominiums and Condotels in Cebu Since 2007. February 17, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  87. ^ Libotero, Sinjin Pineda (June 7, 2013). "Filinvest's Il Corso mall rises at SRP-Cebu". Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  88. ^ "University of the Philippines Cebu". University of the Philippines Cebu.
  89. ^ Mactan Oceantown – Mactan, Cebu City, http://www.megaworldcorp.com/Projects/Office.aspx Archived July 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ "11th East-Asia Tourism Forum (EATOF) Integrated Academic, Tourism and Business Forum Business Matching | Cebu Chamber of Commerce and Industry". Cebuchamber.org. September 12, 2011. Archived from the original on July 4, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  91. ^ Mosqueda 2011.
  92. ^ "ASEAN Leaders Sign Five Agreements at the 12th ASEAN Summit, Cebu, the Philippines, 13 January 2007" (Press release). ASEAN Secretariat. January 13, 2007. Archived from the original on January 28, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007. 12th ASEAN Summit, five.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cebu (province).
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cebu Province.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cebu&oldid=1282119218"