Brazilian Socialist Party
![]() | It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Brazilian Socialist Party and Brazilian Socialist Party (1947). (Discuss) (October 2022) |
Brazilian Socialist Party Partido Socialista Brasileiro | |
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President | Carlos Siqueira |
Founded | Current: 2 July 1989 Historical: 6 August 1947 |
Split from | National Democratic Union |
Headquarters | SCLN 304, bloco "A", Entrada 63, sobreloja Brasília, Brazil |
Newspaper | Folha Socialista (1947–1964) |
Membership | 648,012[1] |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre[4] to centre-left[5] |
Regional affiliation | Foro de Sao Paulo (1991–2019) |
International affiliation | Progressive Alliance[6] |
Colours | Red Orange Yellow |
TSE Identification Number | 40 |
Chamber of Deputies | 14 / 513 |
Federal Senate | 4 / 81 |
Governorships | 3 / 27 |
State Assemblies | 71 / 1,059 |
Mayors | 327 / 5,566 |
City councillors | 3,484 / 51,748 |
Website | |
www | |
The Brazilian Socialist Party (Portuguese: Partido Socialista Brasileiro, PSB) is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the military regime in 1965 and re-organised in 1989 after the re-democratisation of Brazil. It elected six Governors in 2010, becoming the second largest party in number of state governments, behind only PSDB. In addition to that, it won 34 seats in the Chamber of Deputies[7] and three seats in the Senate,[8] besides having been a member of the For Brazil to Keep on Changing coalition, which elected Dilma Rousseff as President of Brazil.
History
[edit]First PSB (1947–1965)
[edit]The name Brazilian Socialist Party or variants had been used by several small socialist parties of brief existence prior to the foundation of PSB on 1947.
PSB has its origins at the end of Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo regime, when the Democratic Left (Esquerda Democrática – ED) emerged as a faction of the National Democratic Union (União Democrática Nacional – UDN) in 1945.[9] Its goals were to combine the social changes of the period with broad civil and political liberties.[9] ED's ideology was based on a broad left-wing concept: it advocated that socialism had to be built gradually and legally, through the defence of democracy and a national identity.[9] In this sense, it differed greatly from other opposition parties, such as UDN, which advocated free market policies, and the Communist Party (PCB), which advocated the authoritarian socialism of the Soviet Union.[9]
As UDN became increasingly a right-leaning party, binding itself with the Brazilian Army[10] and the aspirations of urban middle classes,[11] ED's Socialist proposals were extremely at odds with the party, which led to a split and the subsequent foundation of PSB. On 6 August 1947, the Brazilian Socialist Party was founded, maintaining the same program and proposals it had as a faction of the UDN.[9] In its 1947 manifesto, the PSB sought to represent an alternative to the main left-wing parties of that period: Vargas' Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) and the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB). PSB opposed the centralism and authoritarianism of Vargas, as well as the rigid labour union structure supported by PTB. They opposed PCB's cult of personality and radical Marxism, which placed the PSB in the centre-left to left-wing spectrum, between radical Marxism and social democracy.
PSB proposed to be a party of "everyone who relies on their own work".[9] It advocated immediate reforms, such as the nationalisation of economically strategic areas, the expansion of workers' rights, the ensuring of public health and education, and the development of democracy through means of popular participation.[9] Its structure brought a new experience which characterised PSB's democratic profile: the Base Centres (núcleos de base).[9] Through them, Socialist militants could get involved in the party project, discuss national issues and form the orientation and the target of partisan action.[9]
In the 1950 election, PSB's candidate, João Mangabeira won only 0.12% of the vote and the PSB elected only one deputy from Sergipe. At the same time, the PSB approached the PCB, banned in 1947 and operating underground. A number of communists ran for office under the PSB's endorsement.
In the 1955 election, the PSB endorsed the UDN candidate, Juarez Távora. In São Paulo, the PSB supported the electoral endeavors of Jânio Quadros: first in the São Paulo mayoral election in 1953 and Quadros' successful bid for Governor in 1954. However, the PSB's support for Quadros, a rather middle-class reformer, split the party, a split which ended with the expulsion of Quadros supporters from the party. In the 1960 election, won by Quadros, the PSB supported the candidacy of Henrique Teixeira Lott.
The PSB had limited legislative representation between 1947 and 1964, but in 1962 it elected one Senator, Aurélio Viana defeated the UDN's candidate, Juracy Magalhães in Guanabara State.
The party supported left-wing President João Goulart, who was overthrown by the military in 1964, which later abolished all parties, including the PSB, in 1965. Most Socialists joined the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), the only opposition party recognised by the military regime.[9] Following the fall of the military in 1985, a number of former PSB members joined the Democratic Labour Party or the Workers' Party (PT).
Second PSB (1989–present)
[edit]Following the return to a democracy in the country, a Brazilian Socialist Party was re-organised on the 1947 manifesto. At first, it achieved limited electoral success, though it elected some legislators and mayors. In the 1989 presidential election, it supported the PT candidate, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
In 1990, Pernambuco Governor Miguel Arraes joined the party, giving the PSB a certain electoral boost in subsequent elections. In the 1994 election, the party again endorsed Lula. In the same election, Arraes was re-elected Governor with 54% by the first round, and the PSB elected another governor, João Capiberibe, in Amapá, as well as a Senator in Pará. The party continued to grow with the adhesion of several officeholders in 1995 and 1996, but it did not endorse the left-wing candidacy of Ciro Gomes in the 1998 election, preferring to endorse Lula. The same year, Arraes was defeated in Pernambuco but the party gained the governorship of Alagoas.
In 2000, the Governor of Rio de Janeiro, Anthony Garotinho joined the PSB following a feud with Leonel Brizola, the leader of the Democratic Labour Party. The adhesion of Garotinho caused several members of the PSB to leave the party to join Lula's PT. The PSB supported Garotinho's candidacy in the 2002 election, winning 17.9% in the first round.
However, Garotinho's membership proved a source of controversy and division, notably with President Lula's government. The split was resolved when Garotinho left the party in 2003. The party unofficially supported Lula's re-election in 2006 and won 27 deputies in the 2006 election. After that election, the PSB had three Governors: Cid Gomes (Ceará), Eduardo Campos (Pernambuco) and Wilma de Faria (Rio Grande do Norte).
Ciro Gomes joined the PSB in 2003, and was expected to be the PSB's candidate in the 2010 election; however, the PSB decided not to run a presidential candidate.
The PSB did well overall in the 2010 elections; it picked up 7 seats in the Chamber of Deputies for a total of 34 seats, and regained representation in the Senate, winning 3 Senate seats. While it lost the governorship of Rio Grande do Norte, it easily retained the governorships of Ceará and Pernambuco and also overwhelmingly won the governorship of Espírito Santo. Following runoffs, it also won the governorships of Amapá, Paraíba, and Piauí, for a total of six state governorships.
Despite its socialist name and identity, the PSB was criticised by many on the Brazilian political scene, especially on the left, for its efforts to attract right-wing Brazilian politicians like senator Heraclito Fortes, and to support the candidacy of Eduardo Campos and, later, Marina Silva. These positions led many traditional socialists and social-democrats in Brazil to leave the party for more left-wing outfits such as the PSOL and PDT.
In 2014 general elections, the PSB did not support Rousseff and was part of the United for Brazil coalition, which supported Marina Silva as its presidential candidate. It advocated greater economic stability, low inflation, high economic growth, sustainable development, and social welfare programs.[12] The party did well in the legislative elections, electing 34 deputies and seven senators.
The party later voted in favour of the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff and formed a coalition government with Brazil's new president, Michel Temer.
In May 2017, the PSB withdrew its support from Temer and went into opposition.[13]
In the 2018 general election, PSB did not support any candidate (although some members of the party supported Ciro Gomes of the Democratic Labour Party) in the first round; it later endorsed Fernando Haddad of the Workers' Party in the second round.[citation needed] The party saw a decrease in support in the parliamentary election, winning 32 deputies and two senators. PSB later joined the opposition to Jair Bolsonaro.
On 30 August 2019, the Brazilian Socialist Party withdrew from the Foro de Sao Paulo, denouncing its support of Nicolas Maduro's presidency.[14]
In 2022, Geraldo Alckmin joined the Brazilian Socialist Party and ran as Lula's running mate in the 2022 general election, winning the run-off.
International relations
[edit]Despite being a socialist party, the PSB has never been a member of the Socialist International (position held by the Democratic Labour Party). However, in 2013, it joined the newly formed Progressive Alliance.
In 1991, the party joined the Foro de Sao Paulo, an association of South American leftist parties which also included the majority of Brazilian left-wing formations (PCB, PCdoB, PT, PDT and, until 2004, PPS). However, in 2019 PSB withdrew from the Foro, denouncing its support for the regime of Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela.[14]
Election results
[edit]Presidential elections
[edit]Election | Candidate | Running mate | Colligation | First round | Second round | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
1950 | João Mangabeira (PSB) | None | None | 9,466 | 0.12% (#4) | – | – | Lost ![]() |
None | Alípio Correia Neto (PSB) | 10,800 | 0,15% (#5) | |||||
1955 | Juarez Távora (UDN) | None | UDN; PDC; PL; PSB | 2,610,462 | 30.27% (#2) | |||
None | Milton Campos (UDN) | 3,384,739 | 41,70% (#2) | |||||
1960 | Henrique Teixeira Lott (PSD) | None | PSD; PTB; PST; PSB; PRT | 3,846,825 | 32.94% (#2) | |||
None | João Goulart (PTB) | PTB; PSD; PST; PSB; PRT | 4,547,010 | 36,10% (#1) | Elected ![]() | |||
1964 | None | None | – | – | – | |||
1966 | ||||||||
1969 | ||||||||
1974 | ||||||||
1978 | ||||||||
1985 | ||||||||
1989 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Paulo Bisol (PSB) | PT; PSB; PCdoB | 11,622,673 | 16.1% (#2) | 31,076,364 | 47.0% (#2) | Lost ![]() |
1994 | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT; PSB; PCdoB; PPS; PV; PSTU | 17,122,127 | 27.0% (#2) | – | – | ||
1998 | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT; PDT; PSB; PCdoB; PCB | 21,475,211 | 31.7% (#2) | ||||
2002 | Anthony Garotinho (PSB) | José Antônio Figueiredo (PSB) | PSB; PGT; PTC | 15,180,097 | 17.86% (#3) | |||
2006 | None | None | None | – | – | – | ||
2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (PMDB) | PT; PMDB; PR; PSB; PDT; PCdoB; PSC; PRB; PTC; PTN | 47,651,434 | 46.9% (#1) | 55,752,529 | 56.1% (#1) | Elected ![]() |
2014 | Marina Silva (PSB) | Beto Albuquerque (PSB) | PSB; PHS; PRP; PPS; PPL; PSL | 22,176,619 | 21.32% (#3) | – | – | Lost ![]() |
2018 | None | None | None | – | – | – | ||
2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | PT; PCdoB; PV; PSOL; REDE; PSB; Solidariedade; Avante; Agir | 57,259,504 | 48.43% (#1) | 60,345,999 | 50.90% (#1) | Elected ![]() |
Chamber of Deputies and Senate elections
[edit]Election | Chamber of Deputies | Federal Senate | Role in government | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | ||
1986 | 450,948 | 0.95% | 1 / 487
|
New | N/A | N/A | 0 / 49
|
New | Opposition |
1990 | 756,034 | 1.87% | 11 / 502
|
![]() |
N/A | N/A | 0 / 31
|
![]() |
Opposition |
1994 | 995,298 | 2.18% | 15 / 513
|
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2,336,549 | 2.44% | 1 / 54
|
![]() |
Opposition |
1998 | 2,273,751 | 3.41% | 19 / 513
|
![]() |
3,949,025 | 6.39% | 3 / 81
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![]() |
Opposition |
2002 | 4,616,674 | 5.28% | 22 / 513
|
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3,389,139 | 2.21% | 4 / 81
|
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Opposition |
2006 | 5,732,464 | 6.15% | 27 / 513
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2,143,355 | 2.54% | 3 / 81
|
![]() |
Coalition |
2010 | 6,851,053 | 7.09% | 34 / 513
|
![]() |
6,129,463 | 3.60% | 3 / 81
|
![]() |
Coalition |
2014 | 6,267,878 | 6.44% | 34 / 513
|
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12,123,194 | 13.57% | 7 / 81
|
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Independent (2014–2016) |
Opposition (2016–2018) | |||||||||
2018 | 5,386,400 | 5.48% | 32 / 513
|
![]() |
8,234,195 | 4.80% | 2 / 81
|
![]() |
Opposition |
2022 | 4,202,376 | 3.81% | 14 / 513
|
![]() |
13,615,846 | 13.39% | 1 / 81
|
![]() |
Coalition |
Prominent Members
[edit]- Geraldo Alckmin, Vice-president of the Federative Republic of Brazil and Minister of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade
- Renato Casagrande Governor of Espírito Santo
- João Azevêdo Governor of Paraíba
- Tabata Amaral Federal Deputy (Representative) for the state of São Paulo and education activist
- Flávio Arns Senator of the Republic for the State of Paraná
- Augusto de Arruda Botelho Brazilian jurist, Law Professor, writer, Human Rights activist and current National Justice Secretary
References
[edit]- ^ http://inter04.tse.jus.br/ords/dwtse/f?p=2001:104:::NO[permanent dead link ]:::
- ^ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil.
- ^ Silva, João Herminio Marques de Carvalho e (28 July 2023). A classe operária vai ao paraíso dos tribunais: hiperjudicialização antipolítica e a decisão ideológica pela política do direito (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Dialética. ISBN 978-65-252-9676-0.
Afinal, PDT e Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) há muito também experimentam o social-liberalismo com as frequentes defeozóes de seus parlamentares e de seus agentes do poder executivo (prefeitos e governadores) em sentido social-lberal.
- ^
- Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (28 January 2025). Brazilian Authoritarianism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-23072-6.
Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB): Partido Socialista Brasileiro. lts name notwith standing, the PSB is now a centrist party.
- Coimbra, Eric Araújo Dias (24 October 2017). "Duas estrelas e dois projetos de hegemonia: a influência do pensamento de Gramsci no Partido dos Trabalhadores (BRA) e no Bloco de Esquerda (POR)". Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Thesis). 348911.
O PSB, que outrora (no tempo de Miguel Arraes) foi um partido de esquerda, já não pode ser considerado de esquerda, tendo em vista que 29 dos seus 32 deputados federais votaram a favor do impeachment de Dilma Rousseff. A ala à esquerda do PSB (incluindo os deputados Luiza Erundina e Glauber Braga), saiu do partido em 2016, para ingressar no PSOL. [...] Atualmente, alguns estão entre o centro e a direita, como o PSB, o PPS e o PV, tendo em vista que: 1) votaram em peso a favor do impeachment contra a presidenta Dilma Rousseff; 2) a maioria dos deputados destes partidos votaram a favor da PEC 241, que congelou os gastos públicos por 20 anos. Câmara dos Deputados. Disponível em: www2.camara.leg.br/. Acesso em: 14 out. 2016.
[The PSB, which was once (during Miguel Arraes’ time) a left-wing party, can no longer be considered left-wing, given that 29 of its 32 federal deputies voted in favor of Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment. The left wing of the PSB (including deputies Luiza Erundina and Glauber Braga) left the party in 2016 to join the PSOL. [...] Currently, some are between the center and the right, such as the PSB, the PPS and the PV, given that: 1) they voted overwhelmingly in favor of the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff; 2) the majority of the deputies from these parties voted in favor of PEC 241, which froze public spending for 20 years. Chamber of Deputies. Available at: www2.camara.leg.br/. Accessed on: October 14, 2016.] - Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812.
(vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS,PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
- "Temer will face vast political challenges in Brazil". Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 1 January 2016. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB211097. ISSN 2633-304X.
- "Restarting the rollercoaster". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
The candidate of the centrist Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) came third, with a respectable 21%. Now, as then, Ms Rousseff is the favourite to win.
- "From the streets to a tragedy: A change in the Brazilian election panorama". The Foreign Policy Centre. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
If we compare this to Datafolhas report from previous week that gave Dilma 36%, Marina 21% and Aecio 20%, we see Marina Silva from the centrist Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) rising fast, the fall of Dilma and stagnation in the position of Aécios Neves.
- "The beautiful game exposes Brazil's ugly flaws". Financial Times. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
The other is Eduardo Campos, youthful former governor of Pernambuco in the northeast and head of the centrist Brazilian Socialist party.
- Maranhao, Miriam Wells, Queimada Grande (28 September 2014). "President's dole handout keeps rival in shade in Brazil election". The Times. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (28 January 2025). Brazilian Authoritarianism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-23072-6.
- ^
- Meyer, Peter J. (20 August 2015). "Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations". Congressional Research Service. RL33456.
49 Alckmin left the PSDB in December 2021 and joined the center-left Brazilian Socialist Party in March 2022 in anticipation of the alliance with Lula.
- Meyer, Peter J. (2014). Brazil's October 2014 presidential election [October 22, 2014]. CRS insights. Library of Congress. Washington, District of Columbia: Congressional Research Service.
Rousseff and the PT have responded by alleging that the political opposition would end popular socialwelfare programs and threaten the socioeconomic gains made in Brazil over the past 12 years. Those accusations were successful in eroding support for Marina Silva, who campaigned under the banner ofthe center-left Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) and appeared to be the biggest threat to Rousseff untilthe final days of the first round election; she finished with 21.3% of the vote.
- "Brazilian centrist Alckmin, Lula's big-tent bet for VP". RFI. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
A co-founder of the center-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), long the main rival to Lula's Workers' Party (PT), Alckmin switched to the center-left Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) so he could do the once-unthinkable and stand as the ex-metalworker's VP.
- Darlington, Shasta (20 April 2018). "From Janitor to Chief Justice: Could Joaquim Barbosa be Brazil's Next President?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
Joaquim Barbosa, who made history in 2003 when he became the country's first black Supreme Court justice, registered with the center-left Brazilian Socialist Party on April 6, one day before the deadline for potential presidential candidates to join a party.
- Meyer, Peter J. (20 August 2015). "Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations". Congressional Research Service. RL33456.
- ^ "Participants | Progressive Alliance". Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Saiba a nova composição da Câmara". G1. 4 October 2010.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Partidos aliados de Dilma elegem mais senadores que a oposição" Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. R7. 4 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Portuguese) História do PSB. Brazilian Socialist Party official website. Archived 3 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Portuguese) Gaio, André Moysés. "Affinities Between the National Democratic Union (UDN) and the Brazilian Army" Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Diálogos. Maringá State University. Department of History.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Dicionário Político – União Democrática Nacional (UDN)". Marxists Internet Archive. Reproduced from CPDOC/Fundação Getulio Vargas.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Chapa Unidos pelo Brasil oficializa apoio a Eduardo Campos"
- ^ "PSB anuncia oposição ao governo Michel Temer e passa a defender renúncia". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ a b Morais, Esmael (30 August 2019). "PSB aprova saída de Foro de São Paulo e critica Maduro". Blog do Esmael (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 22 October 2019.